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Even so, he came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive and sombre ruler who never really desired to be emperor; Pliny the Elder called him "the gloomiest of men".
During Tiberius' reign Jews had become more prominent in Rome and Jewish and Gentile followers of Jesus began proselytizing Roman citizens, increasing long-simmering resentments.
In 26 AD he removed himself from Rome and left administration largely in the hands of his unscrupulous Praetorian prefects Sejanus and Naevius Sutorius Macro.
When Tiberius died, he was succeeded by his grand-nephew and adopted grandson, Caligula. Little is recorded of Tiberius' early life. Historians generally agree that it is during this time that the question of Augustus' heir became most acute, and while Augustus had seemed to indicate that Agrippa and Marcellus would carry on his position in the event of his death, the ambiguity of succession became Augustus' chief problem.
In response, a series of potential heirs seem to have been selected, among them Tiberius and his brother Drusus. Shortly thereafter Tiberius began appearing in court as an advocate , [11] and it was presumably at this time that his interest in Greek rhetoric began.
After a year of negotiation, Tiberius led a sizable force into Armenia , presumably with the goal of establishing it as a Roman client state and ending the threat it posed on the Roman-Parthian border.
Augustus was able to reach a compromise whereby the standards were returned, and Armenia remained a neutral territory between the two powers.
Tiberius married Vipsania Agrippina , the daughter of Augustus' close friend and greatest general, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. While Drusus focused his forces in Gallia Narbonensis and along the German frontier, Tiberius combated the tribes in the Alps and within Transalpine Gaul , conquering Raetia.
His new marriage with Julia was happy at first, but turned sour. Reportedly, Tiberius once ran into Vipsania again, and proceeded to follow her home crying and begging forgiveness; [13] soon afterwards, Tiberius met with Augustus, and steps were taken to ensure that Tiberius and Vipsania would never meet again.
In 6 BC, Tiberius launched a pincer movement against the Marcomanni. Setting out northwest from Carnuntum on the Danube with four legions, Tiberius passed through Quadi territory in order to invade Marcomanni territory from the east.
Meanwhile, general Gaius Sentius Saturninus would depart east from Moguntiacum on the Rhine with two or three legions, pass through newly annexed Hermunduri territory, and attack the Marcomanni from the west.
The campaign was a resounding success, but Tiberius could not subjugate the Marcomanni because he was soon summoned to the Rhine frontier to protect Rome's new conquests in Germania.
However, despite these successes and despite his advancement, Tiberius was not happy. Tiberius' move thus seemed to be an interim solution: he would hold power only until his stepsons would come of age, and then be swept aside.
The promiscuous, and very public, behavior of his unhappily married wife, Julia, [22] may have also played a part.
Whatever Tiberius' motives, the withdrawal was almost disastrous for Augustus' succession plans.
Gaius and Lucius were still in their early teens, and Augustus, now 57 years old, had no immediate successor. There was no longer a guarantee of a peaceful transfer of power after Augustus' death, nor a guarantee that his family, and therefore his family's allies, would continue to hold power should the position of Princeps survive.
Somewhat apocryphal stories tell of Augustus pleading with Tiberius to stay, even going so far as to stage a serious illness.
With Tiberius' departure, succession rested solely on Augustus' two young grandsons, Lucius and Gaius Caesar. Augustus, with perhaps some pressure from Livia, allowed Tiberius to return to Rome as a private citizen and nothing more.
Tiberius was adopted as full son and heir, and in turn he was required to adopt his nephew Germanicus , the son of his brother Drusus and Augustus' niece Antonia Minor.
However, according to Suetonius , after a two-year stint in Germania, which lasted from 10—12 AD, [34] "Tiberius returned and celebrated the triumph which he had postponed, accompanied also by his generals, for whom he had obtained the triumphal regalia.
And before turning to enter the Capitol, he dismounted from his chariot and fell at the knees of his father, who was presiding over the ceremonies.
Thus, according to Suetonius, these ceremonies and the declaration of his "co-Princeps" took place in the year 12 AD, after Tiberius' return from Germania.
The Senate convened on 18 September, to validate Tiberius's position as Princeps and, as it had done with Augustus before, extend the powers of the position to him.
Tiberius, however, attempted to play the same role as Augustus: that of the reluctant public servant who wants nothing more than to serve the state.
This meeting seems to have set the tone for Tiberius's entire rule. He seems to have wished for the Senate and the state to simply act without him and his direct orders were rather vague, inspiring debate more on what he actually meant than on passing his legislation.
According to Tacitus, Tiberius derided the Senate as "men fit to be slaves". Problems arose quickly for the new Princeps. The Roman legions posted in Pannonia and in Germania had not been paid the bonuses promised them by Augustus, and after a short period of time mutinied when it was clear that a response from Tiberius was not forthcoming.
Rather than simply quell the mutiny, however, Germanicus rallied the mutineers and led them on a short campaign across the Rhine into Germanic territory, stating that whatever treasure they could grab would count as their bonus.
Additionally, Tacitus records the capture of the Teutoburg forest and the reclaiming of Roman standards lost years before by Publius Quinctilius Varus , [50] when three Roman legions and their auxiliary cohorts had been ambushed by Germanic tribes.
Germanicus had managed to deal a significant blow to Rome's enemies, quell an uprising of troops, and returned lost standards to Rome, actions that increased the fame and legend of the already very popular Germanicus with the Roman people.
The Pisones had been longtime supporters of the Claudians, and had allied themselves with the young Octavian after his marriage to Livia, the mother of Tiberius.
Germanicus's death and accusations indicted the new Princeps. Piso was placed on trial and, according to Tacitus, threatened to implicate Tiberius.
Tiberius seems to have tired of politics at this point. It was just off the coast of Campania, which was a traditional holiday retreat for Rome's upper classes, particularly those who valued cultured leisure otium and a Hellenised lifestyle.
As Tiberius became more embittered with the position of Princeps, he began to depend more and more upon the limited secretariat left to him by Augustus, and specifically upon Sejanus and the Praetorians.
The death of Drusus elevated Sejanus, at least in Tiberius's eyes, who thereafter refers to him as his 'Socius Laborum' Partner of my labours.
Tiberius had statues of Sejanus erected throughout the city, [65] [66] and Sejanus became more and more visible as Tiberius began to withdraw from Rome altogether.
Sejanus began a series of purge trials of Senators and wealthy equestrians in the city of Rome, removing those capable of opposing his power as well as extending the imperial and his own treasury.
In 31, Sejanus held the consulship with Tiberius in absentia , [72] and began his play for power in earnest. Precisely what happened is difficult to determine, but Sejanus seems to have covertly attempted to court those families who were tied to the Julians, and attempted to ingratiate himself with the Julian family line with an eye toward placing himself, as an adopted Julian, in the position of Princeps, or as a possible regent.
The plot seems to have involved the two of them overthrowing Tiberius, with the support of the Julians, and either assuming the Principate themselves, or serving as regent to the young Tiberius Gemellus or possibly even Caligula.
Sejanus was tried, and he and several of his colleagues were executed within the week. Tacitus claims that more treason trials followed and that whereas Tiberius had been hesitant to act at the outset of his reign, now, towards the end of his life, he seemed to do so without compunction.
Hardest hit were those families with political ties to the Julians. Even the imperial magistracy was hit, as any and all who had associated with Sejanus or could in some way be tied to his schemes were summarily tried and executed, their properties seized by the state.
As Tacitus vividly describes,. Executions were now a stimulus to his fury, and he ordered the death of all who were lying in prison under accusation of complicity with Sejanus.
There lay, singly or in heaps, the unnumbered dead, of every age and sex, the illustrious with the obscure.
Kinsfolk and friends were not allowed to be near them, to weep over them, or even to gaze on them too long.
Spies were set round them, who noted the sorrow of each mourner and followed the rotting corpses, till they were dragged to the Tiber, where, floating or driven on the bank, no one dared to burn or to touch them.
In the whole twenty two years of Tiberius' reign, not more than fifty-two persons were accused of treason, of whom almost half escaped conviction, while the four innocent people to be condemned fell victims to the excessive zeal of the Senate, not to the Emperor's tyranny.
While Tiberius was in Capri, rumours abounded as to what exactly he was doing there. Suetonius records the rumours of lurid tales of sexual perversity, including graphic depictions of child molestation, and cruelty, [78] and most of all his paranoia.
The affair of Sejanus and the final years of treason trials permanently damaged Tiberius' image and reputation. After Sejanus's fall, Tiberius' withdrawal from Rome was complete; the empire continued to run under the inertia of the bureaucracy established by Augustus, rather than through the leadership of the Princeps.
Suetonius records that he became paranoid , [79] and spent a great deal of time brooding over the death of his son. Meanwhile, during this period a short invasion by Parthia, incursions by tribes from Dacia and from across the Rhine by several Germanic tribes occurred.
Little was done to either secure his succession or indicate how it was to take place; the Julians and their supporters had fallen to the wrath of Sejanus, and his own sons and immediate family were dead.
Two of the candidates were either Caligula , the sole surviving son of Germanicus, or Tiberius' own grandson, Tiberius Gemellus.
Those who had moments before recognized Caligula as Augustus fled in fear of the emperor's wrath, while Macro took advantage of the chaos to have Tiberius smothered with his own bedclothes.
After his death, the Senate refused to vote Tiberius the divine honors that had been paid to Augustus, and mobs filled the streets yelling "To the Tiber with Tiberius!
In his will , Tiberius had left his powers jointly to Caligula and Tiberius Gemellus. The result was a stronger, more consolidated empire.
Of the authors whose texts have survived, only four describe the reign of Tiberius in considerable detail: Tacitus , Suetonius , Cassius Dio and Marcus Velleius Paterculus.
Tiberius himself wrote an autobiography which Suetonius describes as "brief and sketchy", but this book has been lost. The most detailed account of this period is handed down to us by Tacitus , whose Annals dedicate the first six books entirely to the reign of Tiberius.
His text is largely based on the Acta Senatus the minutes of the session of the Senate and the Acta Diurna a collection of the acts of the government and news of the court and capital , as well as speeches by Tiberius himself, and the histories of contemporaries such as Marcus Cluvius Rufus , Fabius Rusticus and Pliny the Elder all of which are lost.
Tacitus' narrative emphasizes both political and psychological motivation. His characterisation of Tiberius throughout the first six books is mostly negative, and gradually worsens as his rule declines, identifying a clear breaking point with the death of his son Drusus in AD Tacitus describes Julio-Claudian rule as generally unjust and "criminal"; [97] he attributes the apparent virtues of Tiberius during his early reign to hypocrisy.
A substantial amount of his account on Tiberius is therefore devoted to the treason trials and persecutions following the revival of the maiestas law under Augustus.
His character too had its distinct periods. It was a bright time in his life and reputation, while under Augustus he was a private citizen or held high offices; a time of reserve and crafty assumption of virtue, as long as Germanicus and Drusus were alive.
Again, while his mother lived, he was a compound of good and evil; he was infamous for his cruelty, though he veiled his debaucheries, while he loved or feared Sejanus.
Finally, he plunged into every wickedness and disgrace, when fear and shame being cast off, he simply indulged his own inclinations.
Suetonius was an equestrian who held administrative posts during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian.
His account is more sensationalist and anecdotal than that of his contemporary. The most famous sections of his biography delve into the numerous alleged debaucheries Tiberius remitted himself to while at Capri.
His text on Tiberius lavishes praise on both the emperor [8] [] and Sejanus. The Gospels mention that during Tiberius' reign, Jesus of Nazareth preached and was executed under the authority of Pontius Pilate , the Roman governor of Judaea province.
In the Bible , Tiberius is mentioned by name in Luke , [] which states that John the Baptist entered on his public ministry in the fifteenth year of his reign.
The city of Tiberias named after Tiberius referenced in John [] is located on the Sea of Galilee , which was also known as the Sea of Tiberias and is referenced in John Similarly, the " tribute penny " referred to in Matthew [] and Mark [] is popularly thought to be a silver denarius coin of Tiberius.
There is considerable debate among historians as to when Christianity was differentiated from Judaism. Unrated min Drama, History. Details the graphic and shocking but undeniably tragic story of Rome's most infamous Caesar, Gaius Germanicus Caligula.
PG min Adventure, Drama, History. In 35 A. Votes: 1, Not Rated 98 min Biography, Drama, History. In 54 AD, elderly and lame from birth Emperor Claudius is writing his biography and the history of his family.
He recalls an encounter with the Sibyl, who recognizes him from his stutter Votes: Not Rated 53 min Biography, Drama, History.
AD Claudius feels that Rome should return to be a Republic but nonetheless marries his niece Agripinilla and makes her son Nero co-heir with his own, teen-aged son Britannicus.
Aware of Not Rated 51 min Biography, Drama, History. Germanicus returns from Germania in triumph and he and Claudius catch up on family news - Claudius now has a son but is not enjoying married life.
He tells Germanicus what Postumus had Not Rated 52 min Biography, Drama, History. Tiberius embarks on a series of acts of debauchery, having sex with anybody he pleases, with Caligula a willing participant.