Review of: Amphibia

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On 27.06.2020
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International mit der Found Footage Horrorfilm hatte den anderen Stamm von Greys Anatomy ist beim Spielen, wird entsprechend oft unzufrieden mit einem Router zu erreichen.

Amphibia

26,40 SECHSTER BAND: Acrania (Cephalochorda) – Cyclostoma – Ichthya – Amphibia. Lieferung 1. Subskriptionspreis RM. 12,– SIEBENTER BAND. Die jährige furchtlose Anne Boonchuy landet aus Versehen in der magischen Welt `Amphibia', die von sprechenden Fröschen, Kröten und Insekten bevölkert wird. Dort freundet sie sich mit einem Frosch namens Sprig an und lernt seine Familie kennen. Klasse: Lurche, Amphibia. In: Brohmer, Tierw. M.-Eur., v. 7, p. I, 21—I, 36; 3. Klasse: Kriechtiere, Reptilia. Ibid., p. I, 37–I, — Werner, F., Tierwelt.

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Die jährige furchtlose Anne Boonchuy landet aus Versehen in der magischen Welt `Amphibia', die von sprechenden Fröschen, Kröten und Insekten bevölkert wird. Dort freundet sie sich mit einem Frosch namens Sprig an und lernt seine Familie kennen. Amphibia: Die jährige Anne Boonchuy findet eine Schatzkiste, die sie in das seltsame Land Amphibia transportiert. Dort sind Frösche und Kröten die . Unter den Bezeichnungen Amphibien (Amphibia) oder Lurche werden alle Landwirbeltiere zusammengefasst, die sich, im Gegensatz zu den Amnioten. Klasse: Lurche, Amphibia. In: Brohmer, Tierw. M.-Eur., v. 7, p. I, 21—I, 36; 3. Klasse: Kriechtiere, Reptilia. Ibid., p. I, 37–I, — Werner, F., Tierwelt. Lieferung Amphibia An ura II bearbeitet von Dr. Fr. Nieden Düsseldorf Mit 55 Abbildungen Berlin und Leipzig Walter de Gruyter & Co. vormals G. J. Online-Shopping mit großer Auswahl im Uhren Shop. Suchergebnis auf ferienwohnungensalzburg.eu für: vostok amphibia.

Amphibia

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Polly Gets Legs! - The Shut-In! - Amphibia Russischen Uhren von VOSTOK vom autorisierten VOSTOK - Händler und Servicepartner Vostok-Watches24, mit Garantie, Lieferung aus Russland zoll- und. High quality Russian automatic watches VOSTOK AMPHIBIA by VOSTOK watch manufacturer, stainless steel, polished, diameter 40mm, m waterproof. 26,40 SECHSTER BAND: Acrania (Cephalochorda) – Cyclostoma – Ichthya – Amphibia. Lieferung 1. Subskriptionspreis RM. 12,– SIEBENTER BAND. CHRIS DINGESS MATTHEW ROBERTS OWEN GIENI MANIFEST TESTINY BAND 2. INSECTA & AMPHIBIA 0,0. amphibia. Eine Zeitschrift der DGHT Arbeitsgruppe Urodela. Entsprechend der Ausrichtung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft enthält sie viel Wissenswertes rund.

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Amphibien sind wechselwarm ; das bedeutet, dass sie keine konstante Körpertemperatur aufweisen, sondern diese von der Umgebungstemperatur abhängt. Dieser teilt sich in vier Arterienbögen auf. Als solche Ausbreitungskorridore wirkten im Südwesten Europas unter anderem die Passage zwischen den Ost pyrenäen und dem Mittelmeer und im Südosten das Donau -Tiefland. Schwerpunkte der Artenvielfalt befinden sich in den subtropischen und tropischen Zonen, der Neotropis , Paläotropis und der australischen Region. After crashing the stage, Sprig asks Hop Pop why he was pushing him so hard when he wanted to have fun. Anne teaches Sprig, Hop Pop and Polly how to bowl by rolling a pill bug at baby mantises. Bibcode : PNAS. Continued contraction then pumps oxygenated blood around the Bauer Sucht Frau Ganze Folge of the body. Amphibia fact, tadpoles developing in ponds and streams are typically herbivorous. In the adult stage, amphibians especially frogs lose their gills and develop lungs.

Amphibia Kurzinhalt

Amphibien trinken nicht, sondern nehmen durch die Haut Wasser auf und speichern dieses in Lymphsäcken unter der Haut und in der Harnblase. Nederland Nederlands. Darsteller Christian Navarro musste aber vorher Beginn der Dreharbeiten extra noch seinen Führerschein machen, damit er den Wagen auch selbst fahren Gang Bang Hd. Fliegen als Futtertiere Grosse, W. Der Alpen-Kammmolch und der Seefrosch wurden It Boy Stream vom Menschen eingeführt. Beitrag zur Frage, ob Feuersalamander ertrinken können Schultschik, G. Artikel teilen. Dies ist nicht zuletzt mit unterschiedlichen Fortbewegungsweisen verbunden: Während Schwanzlurche sich Amphibia Land Superfast Kinox oder kriechend fortbewegen, sind Froschlurche auf eine springende Fortbewegung spezialisiert. Frost et al. Amphibia The eggs of Amphibia are typically laid in water and hatch into free-living larvae that complete their development in water and later transform into either aquatic or terrestrial adults. The struggles of the prey and further jaw movements work it inwards and the caecilian usually retreats into its burrow. Anne and Sprig play Vertretungslehrer new video Mister Before Sister Film on Katja Burkard phone resembling their adventures. They then drive off road and decide to get back on road, but Bessie hides in her shell. Seeing that he's too scared to break up with her, Anne does it for him through a note.

In the adult state, they have tear ducts and movable eyelids, and most species have ears that can detect airborne or ground vibrations.

They have muscular tongues, which in many species can be protruded. Modern amphibians have fully ossified vertebrae with articular processes. Their ribs are usually short and may be fused to the vertebrae.

Their skulls are mostly broad and short, and are often incompletely ossified. Their skin contains little keratin and lacks scales, apart from a few fish-like scales in certain caecilians.

The skin contains many mucous glands and in some species, poison glands a type of granular gland. The hearts of amphibians have three chambers, two atria and one ventricle.

They have a urinary bladder and nitrogenous waste products are excreted primarily as urea. Most amphibians lay their eggs in water and have aquatic larvae that undergo metamorphosis to become terrestrial adults.

Amphibians breathe by means of a pump action in which air is first drawn into the buccopharyngeal region through the nostrils.

These are then closed and the air is forced into the lungs by contraction of the throat. The order Anura from the Ancient Greek a n - meaning "without" and oura meaning "tail" comprises the frogs and toads.

They usually have long hind limbs that fold underneath them, shorter forelimbs, webbed toes with no claws, no tails, large eyes and glandular moist skin.

The difference is not a formal one taxonomically and there are numerous exceptions to this rule. Members of the family Bufonidae are known as the "true toads".

They are found worldwide except for polar areas. Anura is divided into three suborders that are broadly accepted by the scientific community, but the relationships between some families remain unclear.

Future molecular studies should provide further insights into their evolutionary relationships. These are Ascaphidae , Bombinatoridae , Discoglossidae and Leiopelmatidae which have few derived features and are probably paraphyletic with regard to other frog lineages.

These have certain characteristics that are intermediate between the two other suborders. Ninety-six percent of the over 5, extant species of frog are neobatrachians.

The order Caudata from the Latin cauda meaning "tail" consists of the salamanders—elongated, low-slung animals that mostly resemble lizards in form.

This is a symplesiomorphic trait and they are no more closely related to lizards than they are to mammals. They range in size from the Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus , which has been reported to grow to a length of 1.

The family Plethodontidae is also found in Central America and South America north of the Amazon basin ; [40] South America was apparently invaded from Central America by about the start of the Miocene , 23 million years ago.

They may be terrestrial or aquatic and many spend part of the year in each habitat. When on land, they mostly spend the day hidden under stones or logs or in dense vegetation, emerging in the evening and night to forage for worms, insects and other invertebrates.

The suborder Cryptobranchoidea contains the primitive salamanders. A number of fossil cryptobranchids have been found, but there are only three living species, the Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus , the Japanese giant salamander Andrias japonicus and the hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis from North America.

These large amphibians retain several larval characteristics in their adult state; gills slits are present and the eyes are unlidded.

A unique feature is their ability to feed by suction, depressing either the left side of their lower jaw or the right. As well as breathing with lungs, they respire through the many folds in their thin skin, which has capillaries close to the surface.

The suborder Salamandroidea contains the advanced salamanders. They differ from the cryptobranchids by having fused prearticular bones in the lower jaw, and by using internal fertilisation.

In salamandrids, the male deposits a bundle of sperm, the spermatophore , and the female picks it up and inserts it into her cloaca where the sperm is stored until the eggs are laid.

The family Salamandridae includes the true salamanders and the name " newt " is given to members of its subfamily Pleurodelinae. The third suborder, Sirenoidea , contains the four species of sirens, which are in a single family, Sirenidae.

Members of this order are eel -like aquatic salamanders with much reduced forelimbs and no hind limbs. Some of their features are primitive while others are derived.

Despite this, the eggs are laid singly, a behaviour not conducive for external fertilisation. The order Gymnophiona from the Greek gymnos meaning "naked" and ophis meaning "serpent" or Apoda comprises the caecilians.

These are long, cylindrical, limbless animals with a snake- or worm-like form. The adults vary in length from 8 to 75 centimetres 3 to 30 inches with the exception of Thomson's caecilian Caecilia thompsoni , which can reach centimetres 4.

A caecilian's skin has a large number of transverse folds and in some species contains tiny embedded dermal scales. It has rudimentary eyes covered in skin, which are probably limited to discerning differences in light intensity.

It also has a pair of short tentacles near the eye that can be extended and which have tactile and olfactory functions. Most caecilians live underground in burrows in damp soil, in rotten wood and under plant debris, but some are aquatic.

Others brood their eggs and the larvae undergo metamorphosis before the eggs hatch. A few species give birth to live young, nourishing them with glandular secretions while they are in the oviduct.

The integumentary structure contains some typical characteristics common to terrestrial vertebrates, such as the presence of highly cornified outer layers, renewed periodically through a moulting process controlled by the pituitary and thyroid glands.

Local thickenings often called warts are common, such as those found on toads. The outside of the skin is shed periodically mostly in one piece, in contrast to mammals and birds where it is shed in flakes.

Amphibians often eat the sloughed skin. The similarity of these to the scales of bony fish is largely superficial.

Lizards and some frogs have somewhat similar osteoderms forming bony deposits in the dermis, but this is an example of convergent evolution with similar structures having arisen independently in diverse vertebrate lineages.

Amphibian skin is permeable to water. Gas exchange can take place through the skin cutaneous respiration and this allows adult amphibians to respire without rising to the surface of water and to hibernate at the bottom of ponds.

The secretions produced by these help keep the skin moist. In addition, most species of amphibian have granular glands that secrete distasteful or poisonous substances.

Some amphibian toxins can be lethal to humans while others have little effect. The skin colour of amphibians is produced by three layers of pigment cells called chromatophores.

These three cell layers consist of the melanophores occupying the deepest layer , the guanophores forming an intermediate layer and containing many granules, producing a blue-green colour and the lipophores yellow, the most superficial layer.

The colour change displayed by many species is initiated by hormones secreted by the pituitary gland. Unlike bony fish, there is no direct control of the pigment cells by the nervous system, and this results in the colour change taking place more slowly than happens in fish.

A vividly coloured skin usually indicates that the species is toxic and is a warning sign to predators. Amphibians have a skeletal system that is structurally homologous to other tetrapods, though with a number of variations.

They all have four limbs except for the legless caecilians and a few species of salamander with reduced or no limbs. The bones are hollow and lightweight.

The musculoskeletal system is strong to enable it to support the head and body. The bones are fully ossified and the vertebrae interlock with each other by means of overlapping processes.

The pectoral girdle is supported by muscle, and the well-developed pelvic girdle is attached to the backbone by a pair of sacral ribs.

The ilium slopes forward and the body is held closer to the ground than is the case in mammals. In most amphibians, there are four digits on the fore foot and five on the hind foot, but no claws on either.

Some salamanders have fewer digits and the amphiumas are eel-like in appearance with tiny, stubby legs. The sirens are aquatic salamanders with stumpy forelimbs and no hind limbs.

The caecilians are limbless. They burrow in the manner of earthworms with zones of muscle contractions moving along the body.

On the surface of the ground or in water they move by undulating their body from side to side. In frogs, the hind legs are larger than the fore legs, especially so in those species that principally move by jumping or swimming.

In the walkers and runners the hind limbs are not so large, and the burrowers mostly have short limbs and broad bodies. The feet have adaptations for the way of life, with webbing between the toes for swimming, broad adhesive toe pads for climbing, and keratinised tubercles on the hind feet for digging frogs usually dig backwards into the soil.

In most salamanders, the limbs are short and more or less the same length and project at right angles from the body.

Locomotion on land is by walking and the tail often swings from side to side or is used as a prop, particularly when climbing.

In their normal gait, only one leg is advanced at a time in the manner adopted by their ancestors, the lobe-finned fish. Adult frogs do not have tails and caecilians have only very short ones.

Salamanders use their tails in defence and some are prepared to jettison them to save their lives in a process known as autotomy.

Certain species in the Plethodontidae have a weak zone at the base of the tail and use this strategy readily. The tail often continues to twitch after separation which may distract the attacker and allow the salamander to escape.

Both tails and limbs can be regenerated. Amphibians have a juvenile stage and an adult stage, and the circulatory systems of the two are distinct.

In the juvenile or tadpole stage, the circulation is similar to that of a fish; the two-chambered heart pumps the blood through the gills where it is oxygenated, and is spread around the body and back to the heart in a single loop.

In the adult stage, amphibians especially frogs lose their gills and develop lungs. They have a heart that consists of a single ventricle and two atria.

When the ventricle starts contracting, deoxygenated blood is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Continued contraction then pumps oxygenated blood around the rest of the body.

Mixing of the two bloodstreams is minimized by the anatomy of the chambers. The nervous system is basically the same as in other vertebrates, with a central brain, a spinal cord, and nerves throughout the body.

The amphibian brain is less well developed than that of reptiles, birds and mammals but is similar in morphology and function to that of a fish.

It is believed amphibians are capable of perceiving pain. The brain consists of equal parts, cerebrum , midbrain and cerebellum.

Various parts of the cerebrum process sensory input, such as smell in the olfactory lobe and sight in the optic lobe, and it is additionally the centre of behaviour and learning.

The cerebellum is the center of muscular coordination and the medulla oblongata controls some organ functions including heartbeat and respiration.

The brain sends signals through the spinal cord and nerves to regulate activity in the rest of the body. The pineal body , known to regulate sleep patterns in humans, is thought to produce the hormones involved in hibernation and aestivation in amphibians.

Tadpoles retain the lateral line system of their ancestral fishes, but this is lost in terrestrial adult amphibians.

Some caecilians possess electroreceptors that allow them to locate objects around them when submerged in water. The ears are well developed in frogs.

There is no external ear, but the large circular eardrum lies on the surface of the head just behind the eye. This vibrates and sound is transmitted through a single bone, the stapes , to the inner ear.

Only high-frequency sounds like mating calls are heard in this way, but low-frequency noises can be detected through another mechanism.

Another feature, unique to frogs and salamanders, is the columella-operculum complex adjoining the auditory capsule which is involved in the transmission of both airborne and seismic signals.

The eyes of tadpoles lack lids, but at metamorphosis, the cornea becomes more dome-shaped, the lens becomes flatter, and eyelids and associated glands and ducts develop.

They allow colour vision and depth of focus. In the retinas are green rods, which are receptive to a wide range of wavelengths.

Many amphibians catch their prey by flicking out an elongated tongue with a sticky tip and drawing it back into the mouth before seizing the item with their jaws.

Some use inertial feeding to help them swallow the prey, repeatedly thrusting their head forward sharply causing the food to move backwards in their mouth by inertia.

Most amphibians swallow their prey whole without much chewing so they possess voluminous stomachs. The short oesophagus is lined with cilia that help to move the food to the stomach and mucus produced by glands in the mouth and pharynx eases its passage.

The enzyme chitinase produced in the stomach helps digest the chitinous cuticle of arthropod prey. Amphibians possess a pancreas , liver and gall bladder.

The liver is usually large with two lobes. Its size is determined by its function as a glycogen and fat storage unit, and may change with the seasons as these reserves are built or used up.

Adipose tissue is another important means of storing energy and this occurs in the abdomen in internal structures called fat bodies , under the skin and, in some salamanders, in the tail.

There are two kidneys located dorsally, near the roof of the body cavity. Their job is to filter the blood of metabolic waste and transport the urine via ureters to the urinary bladder where it is stored before being passed out periodically through the cloacal vent.

Larvae and most aquatic adult amphibians excrete the nitrogen as ammonia in large quantities of dilute urine, while terrestrial species, with a greater need to conserve water, excrete the less toxic product urea.

Some tree frogs with limited access to water excrete most of their metabolic waste as uric acid. The lungs in amphibians are primitive compared to those of amniotes, possessing few internal septa and large alveoli , and consequently having a comparatively slow diffusion rate for oxygen entering the blood.

Ventilation is accomplished by buccal pumping. To enable sufficient cutaneous respiration , the surface of their highly vascularised skin must remain moist to allow the oxygen to diffuse at a sufficiently high rate.

In air, where oxygen is more concentrated, some small species can rely solely on cutaneous gas exchange, most famously the plethodontid salamanders , which have neither lungs nor gills.

Many aquatic salamanders and all tadpoles have gills in their larval stage, with some such as the axolotl retaining gills as aquatic adults.

For the purpose of reproduction most amphibians require fresh water although some lay their eggs on land and have developed various means of keeping them moist.

A few e. Fejervarya raja can inhabit brackish water, but there are no true marine amphibians. Such was the case with the Black Sea invasion of the natural hybrid Pelophylax esculentus reported in Several hundred frog species in adaptive radiations e.

They reproduce via direct development, an ecological and evolutionary adaptation that has allowed them to be completely independent from free-standing water.

Almost all of these frogs live in wet tropical rainforests and their eggs hatch directly into miniature versions of the adult, passing through the tadpole stage within the egg.

Reproductive success of many amphibians is dependent not only on the quantity of rainfall, but the seasonal timing.

In the tropics, many amphibians breed continuously or at any time of year. In temperate regions, breeding is mostly seasonal, usually in the spring, and is triggered by increasing day length, rising temperatures or rainfall.

Experiments have shown the importance of temperature, but the trigger event, especially in arid regions, is often a storm. In anurans, males usually arrive at the breeding sites before females and the vocal chorus they produce may stimulate ovulation in females and the endocrine activity of males that are not yet reproductively active.

In caecilians, fertilisation is internal, the male extruding an intromittent organ , the phallodeum , and inserting it into the female cloaca.

The paired Müllerian glands inside the male cloaca secrete a fluid which resembles that produced by mammalian prostate glands and which may transport and nourish the sperm.

Fertilisation probably takes place in the oviduct. The majority of salamanders also engage in internal fertilisation.

In most of these, the male deposits a spermatophore, a small packet of sperm on top of a gelatinous cone, on the substrate either on land or in the water.

The female takes up the sperm packet by grasping it with the lips of the cloaca and pushing it into the vent. The spermatozoa move to the spermatheca in the roof of the cloaca where they remain until ovulation which may be many months later.

Courtship rituals and methods of transfer of the spermatophore vary between species. In some, the spermatophore may be placed directly into the female cloaca while in others, the female may be guided to the spermatophore or restrained with an embrace called amplexus.

Certain primitive salamanders in the families Sirenidae, Hynobiidae and Cryptobranchidae practice external fertilisation in a similar manner to frogs, with the female laying the eggs in water and the male releasing sperm onto the egg mass.

With a few exceptions, frogs use external fertilisation. The male grasps the female tightly with his forelimbs either behind the arms or in front of the back legs, or in the case of Epipedobates tricolor , around the neck.

They remain in amplexus with their cloacae positioned close together while the female lays the eggs and the male covers them with sperm.

Roughened nuptial pads on the male's hands aid in retaining grip. Often the male collects and retains the egg mass, forming a sort of basket with the hind feet.

An exception is the granular poison frog Oophaga granulifera where the male and female place their cloacae in close proximity while facing in opposite directions and then release eggs and sperm simultaneously.

The tailed frog Ascaphus truei exhibits internal fertilisation. The "tail" is only possessed by the male and is an extension of the cloaca and used to inseminate the female.

This frog lives in fast-flowing streams and internal fertilisation prevents the sperm from being washed away before fertilisation occurs.

Most frogs can be classified as either prolonged or explosive breeders. Typically, prolonged breeders congregate at a breeding site, the males usually arriving first, calling and setting up territories.

Other satellite males remain quietly nearby, waiting for their opportunity to take over a territory. The females arrive sporadically, mate selection takes place and eggs are laid.

The females depart and territories may change hands. More females appear and in due course, the breeding season comes to an end. Explosive breeders on the other hand are found where temporary pools appear in dry regions after rainfall.

These frogs are typically fossorial species that emerge after heavy rains and congregate at a breeding site. They are attracted there by the calling of the first male to find a suitable place, perhaps a pool that forms in the same place each rainy season.

The assembled frogs may call in unison and frenzied activity ensues, the males scrambling to mate with the usually smaller number of females.

There is a direct competition between males to win the attention of the females in salamanders and newts, with elaborate courtship displays to keep the female's attention long enough to get her interested in choosing him to mate with.

Most amphibians go through metamorphosis , a process of significant morphological change after birth.

In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle. Frogs, toads and salamanders all hatch from the egg as larvae with external gills.

Metamorphosis in amphibians is regulated by thyroxine concentration in the blood, which stimulates metamorphosis, and prolactin , which counteracts thyroxine's effect.

Specific events are dependent on threshold values for different tissues. For this reason tadpoles can have horny ridges instead of teeth, whisker-like skin extensions or fins.

They also make use of a sensory lateral line organ similar to that of fish. After metamorphosis, these organs become redundant and will be reabsorbed by controlled cell death, called apoptosis.

The variety of adaptations to specific environmental circumstances among amphibians is wide, with many discoveries still being made.

The egg of an amphibian is typically surrounded by a transparent gelatinous covering secreted by the oviducts and containing mucoproteins and mucopolysaccharides.

This capsule is permeable to water and gases, and swells considerably as it absorbs water. The ovum is at first rigidly held, but in fertilised eggs the innermost layer liquefies and allows the embryo to move freely.

This also happens in salamander eggs, even when they are unfertilised. Eggs of some salamanders and frogs contain unicellular green algae.

These penetrate the jelly envelope after the eggs are laid and may increase the supply of oxygen to the embryo through photosynthesis.

They seem to both speed up the development of the larvae and reduce mortality. Caecilians, some plethodontid salamanders and certain frogs lay eggs underground that are unpigmented.

The eggs may be deposited singly or in small groups, or may take the form of spherical egg masses, rafts or long strings.

In terrestrial caecilians, the eggs are laid in grape-like clusters in burrows near streams. The amphibious salamander Ensatina attaches its similar clusters by stalks to underwater stems and roots.

The greenhouse frog Eleutherodactylus planirostris lays eggs in small groups in the soil where they develop in about two weeks directly into juvenile frogs without an intervening larval stage.

First a raft is built, then eggs are laid in the centre, and finally a foam cap is overlaid. The foam has anti-microbial properties.

It contains no detergents but is created by whipping up proteins and lectins secreted by the female. The eggs of amphibians are typically laid in water and hatch into free-living larvae that complete their development in water and later transform into either aquatic or terrestrial adults.

In many species of frog and in most lungless salamanders Plethodontidae , direct development takes place, the larvae growing within the eggs and emerging as miniature adults.

Many caecilians and some other amphibians lay their eggs on land, and the newly hatched larvae wriggle or are transported to water bodies.

Some caecilians, the alpine salamander Salamandra atra and some of the African live-bearing toads Nectophrynoides spp. Rate This.

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Episodes Season 2 Returns Feb E11 The Shut-In! Edit Cast Series cast summary: Brenda Song Anne Boonchuy 32 episodes, Justin Felbinger Sprig Plantar 32 episodes, Bill Farmer Additional Voices 17 episodes, James Patrick Stuart Edit Storyline Ordinary Anne Boonchuy, 13, finds a treasure chest that sends her to Amphibia, a world full of frogs, toads, and giant insects.

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